Music and Mental Health - Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
While certain sights and sounds can remind us of beautiful times, they can also remind us of difficult times, transporting us to a place that we don’t wish to be.
Post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD occurs when someone experiences or witnesses a traumatic event and struggles to recover from it. PTSD can affect someone’s emotional, physical, social and spiritual well-being. Although we often associate PTSD with combat veterans, individuals at any age who experience natural disasters, war, violence, historical trauma and even bullying can suffer from PTSD.
It's important to know that PTSD is different for everyone. For some PTSD might look like reliving the event through flashbacks and nightmares, while for others it might look like increased emotional distress. PTSD can result in reactive responses to ordinary sounds, as well as isolation from others and avoidance of daily activities for fear of reliving the traumatic event.
So how does music come into play?
Music is linked to our emotions, whether negative or positive, it has the ability to bring our memories back to life. Think of how playing a song from the past can help an individual with dementia remember memories that are otherwise forgotten.
A concept called state-dependent memory can help us explain why. State-dependent memory occurs when material encoded in a particular state is better remembered if the same state is experienced at recall. This applies to both positively and negatively emotionally charged memories. For someone with PTSD, if a specific sound or song mimics that of the traumatic event, it can prompt them to relive it. The part of our brain responsible for our emotional memories is the amygdala. If someone with PTSD experiences a trigger similar to the traumatic event, it can send a signal through their body to activate their fight-or-flight response. The special thing about music is that it can also be used to override the traumatic event and tap into an individual’s positive memories.
Music associated with positive memories can then be used to refocus attention and calm the nervous system. Research shows that guided music listening can help regulate emotions, reduce symptoms of PTSD and increase connections among others, especially if in a group. This can help someone with PTSD increase control over their physiological stress symptoms by creating reassuring experiences that encourage trust in oneself and others.
Music can also train the brain to increase tolerance to sounds. For example, responding to different musical cues with a triggering sound in the background helps to work on diverting one’s attention and increasing tolerance to triggering sounds.
Whether it be to relax, distract or transport, music can be used to effectively improve the quality of life for individuals living with PTSD.


